1.-L 'art. 49 of Law No 69/2009 introduces the art. 614 bis of the Code of Civil Procedure, providing for the application an indirect measure of restraint for the obligations to do infungibili and obligations do not [1] .
models run in Europe which make indirect reference are those of zwangsstrafes Germanic, which include fines, imprisonment and securities of contempt of Court Anglo [2] and astreints French law. Just them the Italian legislature has drawn to coerce the will the debtor and to induce him to fulfill the measure of condemnation in order to avoid payment of a sum of money for each day of delay in, or to pay a fixed sum for each violation, while in the field of recognition and enforcement of civil and commercial judgments between the States belonging to the European Community, art. 49 of EC Regulation 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 provides that foreign judgments that a periodic payment, shall be enforceable in the requested State, unless the amount of the payment has been finally determined by the courts of the Member State of origin. [3]
Our system already provides for such measures in the field of industrial patents [4] , protection of workers, consumers [5 ] and towards the protection of copyright.
The intention is to rely indirectly on the desire to fulfill the debtor requiring payment of a "fine" in the event of failure to adapt to the issue of sentencing, facilitating the creditor, which cover the default del debitore di obblighi di questo genere, si vede costretto ad instaurare un successivo giudizio per far accertare la violazione.
L’introduzione del 614 bis c.p.c. si affianca al già esistente 612 c.p.c. che disciplina, invece, l’esecuzione in forma specifica di una condanna per violazione di un obbligo di fare o di non fare, che può essere attuata forzatamente per via della fungibilità, nonché della possibilità materiale o giuridica dell’obbligo del debitore. In altre parole, indipendentemente dal comportamento del debitore, il creditore vede soddisfatta la sua pretesa tramite l’attività dell’organo esecutivo che può delegare a terzi ciò che il debitore should do or not do to fulfill the measure of condemnation. Think of a sentence to the demolition of illegally built on a ground work of others in case of failure, the enforcement court, with the powers conferred by Article. 612, paragraph 2, by order may designate appropriate persons to ensure the destruction of the work accomplished. The same conclusion can not be sent in case of default in respect of that measure has the right to visit a parent provided at the separation of spouses, when lacking the cooperation of the custodial parent who objects to a refusal.
2 .- The rule, which says, in the first paragraph provides that the measure with the sentencing judge, unless this is manifestly unfair, fixed at the request of a party, the amount of money due to any breach by parties or subsequent breach, or for any delay in the measure. The order of condemnation is enforceable for the payment of sums due to any breach or non-compliance. The provisions of this subparagraph shall not apply to employment disputes and public-private partnerships in Article coordinated and continuous. 409.
Therefore, the request for dell’ astreinte non è suscettibile di essere pronunciata d’ufficio e dovrà essere avanzata dalla parte nel corso del giudizio di ottenimento di una condanna ad un fare infungibile o ad un non fare [6] , mostrandosi poco adeguata nell’ipotesi di prestazioni continuate o periodiche, o quando l’inadempimento è dovuto a circostanze sopravvenute alla pronuncia del provvedimento di condanna.
Tale ultimo riferimento fa supporre che la pronuncia della misura coercitiva possa essere aggiunta anche a provvedimenti emanati in sede cautelare o a provvedimenti sommari decision made pursuant to art. 702 bis cpc
is controversial, however, the question concerning the application of this measure to the minutes of conciliation proceedings under Article. 185 cpc [7] . It is enforceable for its obligations under the Code of Civil Procedure 612, and should also be applied for the 614 bis of the CPC, providing that the court at the request of the parties, and having verified infungibilità the behavior of the obligation, to ratify the agreement, on the basis of which, in case of violation, failure to comply subsequent or delay, a penalty is applied, provided that the same judicial body should not be considered manifestly unjust. In support of what you said you call the first piece of art. 140, 7th paragraph Cod cons. : with the measure that defines the trial judge set a deadline for the fulfillment of obligations and, at the request of the party has acted in court and has, in the event of default, payment of a sum of money from 516 € to € 1,032 for each day of delay or failure on the severity of the incident. In case of default of the obligations arising from the minutes of conciliation the parties may appeal the court proceedings with in closed session so ascertained the breach, has the payment of such sums of money.
Then, in the injunctions laid down in Article .140 Cod cons., The persons entitled, according to a report format conciliation out of court under Article. 140.2 first paragraph, and enforced by a decree of the court finding that the formal regularity of the minutes, the court may refer the matter to identify the breach and ordering the payment of the sums of money, a fortiori the minutes of conciliation proceedings may allow the application of a ' astrente.
It is not clear, however, what should be the criterion used by the court to grant a measure of restraint so that it does not prove to be manifestly unjust debt from the delinquent. It is clear that the provision leaves some discretion to the court, and probably find is only limited by the objective impossibility to perform.
3 .- The order of condemnation is enforceable for the payment of sums due to any breach or non-compliance. The enforceability of the measure, therefore, extends to ancillary sentencing, as well as the appeal against conviction, which promoted principal, will require the separate action of ' astreinte [8] , save yourself the opportunity to challenge the only coercive measure, even by the creditor, if he has interest.
The provision is most welcome for those measures, such as emergency or protective measures that are not endowed with enforceable by allowing, in the event of a failure to do or not do infungibili, to proceed with Enforcement to obtain payment of the coercive measure of restraint.
The debtor would always be able to challenge the alleged failure by an opposition under Article. 615 cpc, eliminating the roots of the possibility of claiming the money inherent in the coercive measures.
of dubious constitutionality is the lack of ability to apply coercive measures to the failure of the obligations of the employer [9] , employment disputes arising from public or private partnerships and coordinated and continuous, allowing for positive discrimination in favor of the employer, when from more parties has called for greater protection of the sentence in favor of the employee. It would be more reasonable not to allow the application of ' astreinte on family and people, because even though for the performance, you should not exercise compulsion on man free [10] . We think the refusal of the child entrusted to the mother who does not want to allow the father his visitation rights following the separation of the spouses or the sick person who does not want to undergo an assessment for the assessment of his mental illness.
4.-Passing to the determination of the extent of ' astreinte , the 2nd paragraph of art. 614 bis cpc, provides: the court determines the amount of the sum referred to in the first paragraph taking into account the amount in dispute, the nature of performance, quantify and predict the damage and all other circumstances helpful. This time the court is largely discretionary assessment is required to be applied case by case basis, as well as a prognostic assessment to the damage quantified and predictable on the basis of the violation, the subsequent failure or delay in the measure, without providing a minimum or maximum, which could provide reference (or limit the discretion of the court), as was envisaged in the draft prepared by Proto Pisani [11] , which provided that: the penalty is proportionate to 'scale needed to induce spontaneous forced execution. For each day it can not be less than one hundred euro and more than one hundred thousand euro. addition, the national legislature is silent on the method of compensation, resulting in the failure of the bond, and also who is responsible for this task, that if they use the French system could also be the responsibility of enforcement court, unless the judge who pronounced the sentence does not expressly reserving the settlement, even in the event of appeal. [12]
lack guidance regarding the beneficiary of the sum paid, which will surely be a creditor, but as has been proposed in the draft Vaccarella could also involve a residual State. [13]
Dr. ssa Carmen Laruccia
[1] ASPRELLA-GIORDANO, La riforma del processo civile , in Giust. civ . suppl. n.6/09, 116. Un primo tentativo di introduzione dell’astreinte nel nostro ordinamento è inserito nel progetto Carnelutti del 1926, che prevedeva agli artt. 667 e 668, che in caso di mancata esecuzione di un obbligo di fare o di non fare, l’avente diritto poteva domandare la condanna dell’obbligato al pagamento di una somma di denaro per ogni giorno di ritardo, a partire dal giorno stabilito dal giudice. Il Ministro Reali presenta nel 1975 un progetto recante provvedimenti urgenti relativi al processo civile che prevede all’art. 23 un’aggiunta al codice di procedura civile di un art. 259 bis, che permette al giudice, con la sentenza che accerta la violazione di un obbligo di fare o di non fare, di condannare al risarcimento del danno, di far cessare il comportamento illegittimo e di poter fissare una somma per ogni violazione, inosservanza successiva o ritardo. TARZIA, Presente e futuro delle misure coercitive civili in Riv. trim. e dir. proc ., 1981,806. Va ricordato anche il progetto Vaccarella del 2003 che prevede all’art. 42 l’introduzione di una misura coercitiva di natura capital which would benefit the lender and a residual state also. Vullo E. , Running indirect between Italy, France and the European Union in Riv. dir. proc. , 2004, 737.
[2] Proto Pisani A., The effectiveness of those remedies particularly the implementation of conviction, in Riv. dir. proc. 1975, 627. The Anglo-Saxon model of the Contempt of Court provides for criminal sanctions such as arrest or imprisonment, failure to comply with the order of the court. The Italian Penal Code provides for art. 388.1 first paragraph to pay a fine or imprisonment for those who commit fraudulent acts or simulated in order to avoid the fulfillment of civil obligations arising from a conviction, while the 2nd paragraph of that article punishing those who evade execution the judge's ruling concerning custody of a minor or incompetent, in addition to the circumvention of protective measures to defend the ownership, possession or credito.Cfr. WHALE, Elements of civil procedure, vol. I, 3rd ed. Bari, 2006.36.
[3] Per le questioni interpretative riguardanti la circolazione delle misure coercitive all’interno della Comunità Europea si rinvia a VULLO E. , op. cit . , 768 ss. Nel 1980 il Professor Morel Storme of Ghent university riunì un gruppo di lavoro con l’intento ambizioso di realizzare un European judicial code. La commissione per la sua redazione era costituita da dodici membri appartenenti ad altrettanti Stati, i lavori terminarono nel 1993. Specifiche proposte di armonizzazione della legge sull’imposizione della sentenza possono rinvenirsi nella Draft directive che all’art. 13,comma 1 prevede: subjet to national law imposing sanctions for the non performance of any order of the Court,the Court may,on the request of a party,order any other party who fails to comply with the order of the Court to pay a sum of money know as astreinte. The order for the payment of an astreinte shall be without prejudice to any liability in demages incurred by the party who fails to comply with the order of the Court.Liability to pay an astreint cannot be incurred until after notification to the party affected of the judgment by wich such liability is imposed. KENNETT W., Enforcement of judgement in Europe, 2000,36.
[4] GIORDANO-LOMBARDI, Il new civil trial , Rome, 2009, 467. Article. 86, paragraph 1, RD 29 June 1939 No 1127 on patents for industrial inventions and art. 66, 2nd paragraph, RD June 21, 1942 No 929 patents to trade marks, provide that the court assumes responsibility for the damages, as well as to establish an amount due for each subsequent violation or non-infringement and any delay in implementing the measures contained in the same sentence.
[5] astreinte The consumer protection is laid down. 140, 7 ° Code paragraph Cons. which states: with the measure that defines the trial judge set a deadline for the fulfillment of obligations, and at the request of the party has acted in court and has, in the event of default, payment of a sum of money from 516 € to 1032 € for each day of delay or failure on the severity of the incident.
[6] MANDRIOLI-Carratta, How to change the civil trial, Torino, 2009, 94 in note 10. Tarzia The project envisaged the possibility of applying the ' astreinte also in breach of delivery and release is not related to the lease for residential purposes. For the futility of such measures and the option for damages RICCI GF, reform of the civil trial, Torino, 2009, 89. Not even the fear of indirect measure may force an individual to do what it wants to do and although the performance will be forced to evade ' astreinte can always perform a benefit is not entirely satisfactory.
[7] -Contra MANDRIOLI Carratta, op. cit. , 97 which excludes the application of coercive measures in conciliation court since its record is comparable to a measure of conviction. However it can be argued that the legislature of 2005, art. Cpc equates to 474 convictions, the provisions of similar content (anticipatory sentencing orders, injunctions) and other acts to which the law expressly enforceable, including certainly the conciliation report pursuant to Art. 185 CCP, which is no longer required a judge's ruling with which ends the process. Contra-Gioda also LOMBARDO, op. cit., 461.
[8] See E. Vullo, op. cit., 755 in note 87, with reference to ' astreinte French.
[9] In this regard, it was envisaged the possibility of extending the measure of restraint also in the field of employment law to the exclusion in case of conviction in taking employment or self. CIPRIANI F. Civinini-MG-Proto Pisani A., A strategy for civil justice in the XIV legislature, hole in it., 2001, V, c. 3.
[10] Colesanti On this point, Coercive measures and protection of the rights in Riv. dir. proc. 1980, 607. See Tarzo, Present and future measures of coercive civil in Riv. trim. and dir. proc., 1981.802 et seq.
[11] PROTO PISANI A. , For a new Code of Civil Procedure in Foro en. , 2009, V, 1 ff. V. art. 4174, paragraph 2.
[12] E. Vullo, op.cit., 756 ss.
[13] The liquidation value of the creditor was seen with a critical eye on one side of the French doctrine that considers an unjust enrichment for the party to whom it reported. The legislature over the Alps, however, have never conceded that this sum is also intended in part to the State and even that is not paid to the creditor but to the national fund of social assistance, coloring this part of the process of a grain journalism. E. Vullo, op.cit., 759. The same criticisms have been made in jurisdictions such as Belgium, the Louisiana and Quebec agree that the sum determined by way of astreinte be paid to the State and does not serve to enrich the parties in court. BRYANT-GARTH-CAPPELLETTI, International encyiclopedia of comparative law, 1987.16
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